blood type b and covid vaccine side effectssteven fogarty father

Recombinant protein subunit vaccine booster following two-dose inactivated vaccines dramatically enhanced anti-RBD responses and neutralizing titers against SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern. Lancet (2022) 399:221225. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. She is a 2020 J2 Achievement Award winner for her COVID-19 coverage. If youre older or have an underlying disease like cancer, diabetes, or heart disease, youre more likely to develop a severe case of coronavirus, Dr. Udden adds. The most basic idea is that blood type might influence a persons ability to fight the virus, says David Aronoff, M.D., director of the division of infectious diseases at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville. The participants in the study (mixed-manufacturer vaccination for the two doses) and control (same-manufacturer vaccination for both doses) groups remained in local community health centers for at least 30min after vaccination to monitor safety, and the occurrence of any adverse event during this observation period was recorded. The median age at vaccination was 35 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 2850) for those administered a vaccine of the same manufacturer (control) and 33 years (IQR: 2150) for those administered vaccines from different manufacturers (intervention) (Table1). P=0.11), hospitalization (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0. . Either way, that would color how likely you are to not only get the virus but also how strong your symptoms are, he explains. Parameters of cell immune responses were evaluated by quantifying the levels of interferon (IFN)-, interleukin (IL)-6, and CD4, and counts of B-lymphocyte subsets in the plasma after overnight stimulation of whole blood with 2 g/mL SARS-CoV-2 spike peptides (Wuhan Huamei Biotechnology Ltd., Co., Wuhan, China) or dimethyl sulfoxide in whole-blood culture as a control, requiring only 2 mL blood (14). Vous pouvez modifier vos choix tout moment en cliquant sur le lien Tableau de bord sur la vie prive prsent sur nos sites et dans nos applications. To date, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a newly emerging infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has infected over 600 million people worldwide and killed over 6 million people (1, 2). Expert Rev Vaccines (2021) 20:13617. They looked at both how likely a patient was to contract COVID-19, and how likely they were to become seriously ill (or even die) from it if they did. Epub 2022 Jun 1. A total of 1,350 serum samples were collected from 595 participants (Figure1), of whom 457 (76.8%) were medical staff and 138 (23.2%) were workers of the Henan Electric Power Exploration Company in central China. Based on their age, we divided the participants into three groups, namely, 1830, 3150, and >50 years old. We only observed a trend of decreasing neutralizing antibodies after vaccination over time. The relationships between blood type-, age-, sex-, and occupation-related reactivities of neutralizing antibodies and cellular immune responses were demonstrated. Type O blood, the most common in the U.S., provides some protection against COVID. Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine in children aged 6-17 years: A preliminary report of COV006, a phase 2 single-blind, randomised, controlled trial. ABO blood typing was performed using a test-tube method according to the manufacturers protocol (Chengdu Xiehe Ltd., Co., Chengdu, China). The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material. However, this speculation requires validation using a larger patient cohort. One, for instance, suggests that people with Type A may have a higher risk of catching Covid-19 and of. 30. Costa Clemens SA, Weckx L, Clemens R, Almeida Mendes AV, Ramos Souza A, Silveira MBV, et al. However, in China, data on long-term immunogenicity and adverse effects of inactivated vaccines produced by different manufacturers or the same manufacturer have not been reported. Lower antibody concentrations were correlated with older age, longer duration after vaccination, non-health care workers, mixed-manufacturer vaccinations, and intervals of less than 40 days between two doses of vaccination, whereas lower IFN- levels and B-lymphocyte counts were associated with older age, blood type A, and non-health care workers. Eur J Med Res. Just because youre Type O doesnt mean youre in the clear. Opens in a new tab or window, Visit us on YouTube. J Clin Epidemiol (2022) 144:16372. 30. Side effects can be a powerful deterrent stopping people from getting vaccinated. But VWF also encourages clotting. The virus can lead to pneumonia, respiratory failure, heart problems, liver problems, septic shock, and death. The full eligibility criteria were provided in the volunteer recruitment notification distributed through social networks, including WeChat groups. The blood type-infection connection is not unique to the coronavirus. Blood type may influence other infections, as well. Source Reference: Anderson JL, et al "Association of Sociodemographic Factors and Blood Group Type With Risk of COVID-19 in a US Population" JAMA Netw Open 2021; DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.7429. Third, because of limited resources, we could not perform pseudo-virus neutralization tests of neutralizing antibodies against COVID-19 (27). 2021 Oct 11;76:e3286. Although the statistical analysis controlled for potential confounders, we included variables that showed significant associations with humoral and cellular responses in the mixed model. For a March study out of the Southern University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen, China, scientists tracked the blood types of nearly 2,200 COVID-19 patients in Chinese hospitals, along with those of about 27,000 individuals who didn't have COVID-19 in the same areas. Molly Walker, Associate Editor, MedPage Today doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00479-5, 17. Molly Walker is deputy managing editor and covers infectious diseases for MedPage Today. J Neuroimmunol. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. J Neuroimmunol. Opens in a new tab or window, Visit us on Twitter. No. Bruising for no. But let's back up first. 1:38 Syncope following injection 2:36 Primarily headaches 3:37 Clotting disorder after vaccination 4:37 Any neurological events 4:50 Dexamethasone and surgical site infection 5:51 Also had people. According to a CDC study which analyzed the first month of vaccinations, more than 79% of side effects were reported by women, even though women only accounted for 60% of vaccinations given.. The inactivated vaccine was administered as a single intramuscular injection for each of the two approved doses. } It's more the everyday things: According to Harvard Medical School physician Abraar Karan, the primary side effects of the COVID-19 vaccine are those pesky, flu-like, symptoms you're used. The levels of cellular immune molecules, such as IFN- and CD4+ T-lymphocytes, reflect the levels of effector molecules involved in the humoral immune response, such as memory B cells and neutralizing antibodies (26). Some research findings have suggested that people with blood types A and AB are more susceptible to contracting COVID-19,. government site. There was no association with blood type and either susceptibility to COVID-19 infection or disease severity in a large cohort study, researchers said. The retailer's cutting-edge new offering is angering some local residents. Safety and immunogenicity of heterologous boost immunisation with an orally administered aerosolised Ad5-nCoV after two-dose priming with an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in Chinese adults: A randomised, open-label, single-centre trial. Dynamic IgG seropositivity after rollout of CoronaVac and BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccines in Chile: A sentinel surveillance study. If youre type O, you naturally make antibodies against Type A and Type B, Dr. Udden says. Wong LP, Alias H, Siaw YL, Muslimin M, Lai LL, Lin Y, et al. All Rights Reserved. All rights reserved. Si vous souhaitez personnaliser vos choix, cliquez sur Grer les paramtres de confidentialit. This can progress to affect the rest of the body and cause. 2021;8(2021):3619131. doi:10.1155/2021/3619131 Glob Health Res Policy (2022) 7:21. doi:10.1186/s41256-022-00255-1, 12. Epub 2023 Jan 9. (A) Positive rates of neutralizing antibodies. Type O blood, the most common in the U.S., provides some protection against COVID. The difference may be the type of antibodies we produce depending on blood type. YY and JX designed the study, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript. You've read a lot about what puts you at an increased risk of having a severe case of COVID-19, from smoking to carrying around extra weight to being over a certain age. N Engl J Med (2020) 383:201829. PMC Up to 10 percent of people who have COVID experience side effects" such as difficulty thinking, pain, tiredness, loss of taste and depression. An updated review of the scientific literature on the origin of SARS-CoV-2. A higher IL-6 level was associated with older age, mixed-manufacturer vaccinations, intervals of less than 40 days between two doses of vaccination, and medical staff. "The smaller sample sizes and retrospective, observational nature of many prior studies, in addition to their striking heterogeneity of ABO associations with disease susceptibility and severity, could be due to chance variations, publication bias, differences in genetic background, geography and environment, and viral strains," they wrote. Based on the Chinese COVID-19 inactivated vaccine shot procedure (38 weeks), we divided the interval between two doses of the vaccination for the participants into two groups: 2140 and >40 days. doi:10.1111/ane.13451 Possible side effects: Pain, redness, or swelling at the site where the shot was administered, and/or tiredness, headache, muscle pain, chills, fever, or nausea throughout the rest of the body. We also evaluated CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts, B-cell counts, and IFN- and IL-6 levels after stimulation with the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 in 543, 539, 513, and 512 individuals, respectively. J Med Internet Res (2021) 23:e26089. The .gov means its official. All studies so far have only looked at blood type in connection to symptomatic cases of coronavirus, Dr. Aronoff points out. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Blood type O seems to have the lowest risk. In all cases, the immune system creates antibodies that activate platelets in the bloodstream, he said. Follow-up visits were scheduled on days 130 to measure vital signs, review any solicited and unsolicited adverse events, and update medical and medication records. Table5 Factors associated with B-lymphocyte count after the administration of the inactivated Chinese COVID-19 vaccine. Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control And Prevention, China. 2022 Galvanized Media. Pain at the injection site, alongside redness and/or swelling Extended fatigue Headaches Widespread muscle pain Joint pain Chills Fever Nausea and vomiting According to current FDA publications,. U.S. federal health agencies have recommended pausing the use of Johnson & Johnson's COVID-19 vaccine after six recipients developed a rare disorder involving blood clots, in a fresh setback to . We excluded 14 (2.4%) participants from the regression analysis and mixed model analysis due to missing data: 8 who withdrew their consent, 2 who did not answer age-related questions, 2 who missed a follow-up visit, and 2 who did not provide blood samples (Figure1). Unfortunately, this is a much more rare blood type. Some women who received a Covid-19 vaccines have reported irregularities in their period following the shot, including heavier bleeding. Your body then releases von Willebrand factor, or VWF, into your blood so it can fix the damage to the vessel walls. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(22)00087-X, 8. It also can be potentially quite large and thus a bit unsettling. Brand of vaccine administered (Moderna or Pfizer-BioNTech) and the change in average blood glucose, peak blood glucose, and percentage of time spent in normal range as well as above average range of blood glucose level following vaccine administration will be assessed. Reactogenicity analysis results are presented as percentage of participants. Wheatley AK, Juno JA, Wang JJ, Selva KJ, Reynaldi A, Tan HX, et al. And for more on the latest COVID-19 news, find out How Likely You Are to Catch COVID in the Next Month, Expert Says. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. } ); In fact, one might say that people on . The researchers at St. Michael's Hospital in Toronto, Canada, examined the test results of 225,556 Canadians who had been tested for COVID-19 between Jan. 15 and Jun. doi:10.6061/clinics/2021/e3286 Hermel DJ, Spierling Bagsic SR, Costantini CL, Mason JR, Gahvari ZJ, Saven A. ABO phenotype and clinical correlates of COVID-19 severity in hospitalized patients. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The most common side effect of the vaccine is temporary soreness and swelling at the injection site. The most commonly reported side effects were: Fever Headache Fatigue (tiredness) Pain at the injection site Helpful tips to relieve side effects Adults To relieve pain or swelling on the arm where you got the shot: Apply a clean, cool, wet washcloth over the area. 38 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1107866, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1107866/full#supplementary-material, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The pituitary gland in SARS-CoV-2 infections, vaccinations, and post-COVID syndrome. Furthermore, this study was the first to explore the association between the blood type of participants and humoral and cellular immune responses within 240 days after the administration of a Chinese inactivated vaccine. Both primary and safety analyses included all participants who received two doses of the inactivated vaccine and had suffered local and systemic adverse events for 30 consecutive days after vaccination. 2021;30(12):721146. doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.721146 The multiple linear regression analysis revealed that participants aged >50 years had lower reactive IFN- levels and B-lymphocyte counts than those aged 1830 years (Tables36, Figures3AG; Tables S8S15) (B = 0.15, p = 0.03; B = 0.04, p = 0.036, respectively) (Tables3, 5; Figures3A, D). Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of BNT162b2 booster in ChAdOx1-s-primed participants (CombiVacS): A multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 2 trial. In November 2021 in The New England Journal of Medicine, he proposed that an autoimmune mechanism triggered by the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein might explain both Long Covid symptoms and some rare vaccine side effects, and he called for more basic research to probe possible connections. Therefore, we speculate that the concentration of neutralizing antibodies may be increased more rapidly after the third or fourth dose of booster. Type B Negative. Based on the duration after vaccination of the participants, we divided the duration after vaccination of the participants into eight groups: 114, 1530, 3060, 6190, 91120, 121150,151180, and 181240 days. Opens in a new tab or window. The platelets, which normally promote wound healing, end up clumping and causing blood. The population required to be vaccinated included children aged 311 years, adolescents aged 1217 years, and adults. The concentration kinetics of IgG neutralizing antibodies were evaluated against the RBD for all study participants at least once during the 8-month timeframe and at least four times for 119 participants (20%). B negative red blood cells can be given to both B and AB patients. 2022 Dec 22;78:100157. doi: 10.1016/j.clinsp.2022.100157. This can result in pain, redness, or swelling at . The two tubes with the EDTA anticoagulant were used to determine lymphocyte subsets with or without antigen-stimulated SARS-CoV-2 spike peptides, and the two tubes without the EDTA anticoagulant were used to determine neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and cytokines with or without antigen-stimulated SARS-CoV-2 spike peptides. This study had limitations. You'll always want to stay at your vaccination site for at least 15 minutes after you get the shot (30 minutes if you've had a severe allergic reaction before). Vaccines are still important, as are smart choices to protect yourself from germs. Keywords: Many people have reported side effects, such as headache, fatigue, and soreness at the injection site, that are generally mild to moderate and go away within a few days. Associations were observed between blood type and production of neutralizing antibodies and IFN-. Medpage Today is among the federally registered trademarks of MedPage Today, LLC and may not be used by third parties without explicit permission. The study complied with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice, and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Henan Provincial Peoples Hospital (approval number 20210051, date of approval May 24, 2021). Based on their data, the Novavax vaccine has a significantly lower rate of side effects compared to the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines. This is why some vaccines require a brief observation period after your shot. But VWF also . 2021 Sep 2;17(9):2957-2958. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1922061. In addition, people who are Black, who have died at a disproportionately high rate from Covid, tend to have higher levels of VWF, too. Methods: This prospective, multicenter, observational, longitudinal study involved 595 participants with a negative SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction result who were serologically tested and followed for 8 months after vaccination. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. Antibody responses to BNT162b2 vaccination in Japan: Monitoring vaccine efficacy by measuring IgG antibodies against the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2. Similarly, previous studies reported that patients with blood group A had an increased risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2, whereas those with blood group O were associated with a decreased risk (21, 24). Additional research and review papers have confirmed that we're in more or less the same place: It looks like there really is an association between Type A blood and susceptibility to Covid and Type O blood and less susceptibility. Clinics (Sao Paulo). doi:10.1080/14760584.2021.1971523, 13. Treatment of these side effects is not at variance from similar conditions due to other causes. Those four main blood groupsA, AB, B, and Ocan be Rh-positive or Rh-negative, meaning that there are 8 blood groups in total. Unfortunately, to date, occupation- and blood type-disaggregated data on cellular and humoral immunogenicity have not been reported by studies on COVID-19 vaccines. COVID vaccines and safety: what the research says. 2021 Nov 15;360:577703. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577703. This study was a multicenter, longitudinal, prospective, observational study conducted in two hospitals (Henan Provincial Peoples Hospital and Zhengzhou Municipal Chinese Medicine Hospital) and one institution (Henan Electric Power Survey and Design Institute) in central China. The positive rate of neutralizing antibodies peaked at 97.7% at 6090 days, decreased, and stabilized at 82.9% at 181240 days post-vaccination. As with all vaccines, side effects may occur after getting the COVID-19 vaccine. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Latest research and advice on side effects and allergic reactions related to COVID-19 vaccines. Finally, individuals with certain occupations, including workers, especially older individuals and men, had low levels of antibodies and had weakened cellular immune responses following the second dose compared to their counterparts, suggesting that a longer gap between vaccine doses, which is a strategy in effect in some countries, should be re-evaluated, especially for more susceptible populations. "Given the large and prospective nature of our study and its strongly null results, we believe that important associations of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 with ABO groups are unlikely and will not be useful factors associated with disease susceptibility or severity on either an individual or population level for similar environments and ancestries," they concluded. Finsterer J. One study of over 3,000 people who got a COVID-19 vaccine did not find any increased side effects or other issues among people with different blood types. As the study is ongoing, further follow-up data on the third dose of a vaccine booster will be reported in the future. "Our next study will specifically look at such antibodies, and whether they explain the protective effect," Ray told Reuters. Four types of COVID-19 vaccine have been approved for use worldwide: mRNA, inactivated virus, adenovirus, and recombinant protein vaccines (11). Therefore, the mixing of vaccine brands between doses was considered a feasible strategy to complete the entire course of basic immunization with two doses of the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine. Intention to receive a COVID-19 vaccine booster dose and associated factors in Malaysia. It may affect your immune systems strength or your inflammatory response to the infection. Vaccination is the most effective measure to reduce mortality from COVID-19 and serious diseases (12); however, vaccines are scarce in certain countries and some regions in China (13). MeSH You will see significant upgrades in-store and online this year. At intervals of 2 months, 8 mL of blood samples was collected from volunteers and distributed into four tubes (2 mL/tube) with or without the EDTA anticoagulant (two tubes for each) to detect neutralizing antibodies and cellular immune response parameters. In contrast, we observed a decrease in the B-lymphocyte count and IL-6 level on days 1 to 240 in participants stimulated with the SARS-CoV-2 S antigen (B = 0.004, 95% CI 0.005 to 0.003; p = 0.008 and B = 0.004, 95% CI 0.006 to 0.002, p = 0.001, respectively; Tables5, 6; Figures3A, G). These Type A antibodies might make it more difficult for SARS-CoV-2 to attach to its receptor in Type O blood and multiply in the body, he explains. The American Red Cross reports that 8 percent of white Americans, 4 percent of African-Americans, 4 percent of Latinx-Americans, and 1 percent of Asian-Americans are O-negative. In addition, other variables, including sex, occupation, vaccination type, and blood type, based on their natural classification, were divided into different categories. The clots can clog up important . Therefore, we were able to collect data of a few individuals who had received mixed vaccinations at the time. Our findings could provide evidence for an appropriate vaccination strategy against COVID-19. 2022 Nov 9;8(6):506-508. eCollection 2022 Dec 29. Figure2 Quantitation of antibodies on days 1240 following administration of the Chinese inactivated vaccine. This type of swelling is a normal reaction to the vaccine and will typically occur on the same side as the arm where the shot was given, said Dr. Geeta Swamy, a maternal-fetal medicine specialist . Amyloid -related angiitis of the central nervous system occurring after COVID-19 vaccination: A case report. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the cellular immune responses and neutralizing antibody kinetics of homologous and heterologous administrations of an inactivated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine 240 days after the second vaccination. -, Finsterer J, Scorza FA. Tenforde MW, Self WH, Adams K, Gaglani M, Ginde AA, McNeal T, et al. Anderson's group examined data from Intermountain Healthcare, an integrated system of 24 hospitals and 215 clinics in Utah, Idaho, and Nevada. Yet no research so far has been able to pin down the molecular goings on that explain the mechanism behind why this might be so. The levels of IFN- and CD4+ T-lymphocytes were not altered in the participants for 240 days after vaccination, whereas the levels of neutralizing antibodies, B-lymphocytes, and IL-6 decreased with increasing time after vaccination. Doctors aren't yet sure if there is a link between the . navigator.sendBeacon('https://www.google-analytics.com/collect', payload); Common side effects include fatigue and headache. And for more on the state of the pandemic, check out These 2 Places Could Be Closing Soon, White House Official Warns. Table2 Factors associated with the neutralization antibody concentration after the administration of the Chinese inactivated COVID-19 vaccine. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. This weird trivia you didn't know about the world will blow you away. Clinics. Blood type is actually a pretty weak player, Dr. Udden says. Therefore, we designed a multicenter, longitudinal, observational study to evaluate the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a second dose of inactivated vaccine among those who received the two vaccines from different manufacturers. People with Type O blood might be slightly more protected from the virus, and people with Type A slightly more vulnerable. To address this issue, in 1991, a group of scientists in Minnesotaat the Department of Veterans Affairs and the . doi:10.2144/fsoa-2021-0045, 18. This work was supported by the Henan Provincial Key Programs in Science and Technology [grant numbers 202102310355 and 182102311241] to YY and WY, and the Joint Program of Medical Science and Technology Research of Henan Province [grant numbers SB 201903018, LHGJ 20190611, and LHGJ 20200016] to YY and BW. The full coverage rate of the COVID-19 vaccination program has reached approximately 90% of the population required to be vaccinated in 2022 (10). Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Congestion/runny nose. April 5, 2021. YL, SW, and WY were involved in the project management and organizational work. Some people with COVID-19 develop abnormal blood clots, including in the smallest blood vessels. Lancet Respir Med (2021) 9:9991009. The most frequent neurological side effects of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are headache, Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), venous sinus thrombosis (VST), and transverse myelitis. Whether mild or severe, data from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), has shown that women are bearing the brunt of vaccine reactions, and experts believe it may be due to . After adjusting for age, sex, occupation, blood type, interval between doses of vaccination, vaccination duration, and BMI, the highest geometric mean concentration (GMC) of neutralizing antibodies was 53.1 IU/mL in the same-manufacturer vaccination group at 1530 days, which was slightly but significantly higher than the 44.6 IU/mL found in the mixed-manufacturer vaccination group (p < 0.001) (Table2; Figure2B). "There's a fairly decent amount of existing literature beyond SARS-CoV-2" that certain blood types can play a role in disease risk and severity, says Joel Ray, M.D., a clinician scientist and professor at St. Michael's . eCollection 2021. The material on this site is for informational purposes only, and is not a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment provided by a qualified health care provider. 2021 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Feelings of having a fast-beating, fluttering or pounding heartbeat COVID can cause heart problems, too Having COVID-19 can also cause heart problems. Neurological autoimmune diseases following vaccinations against SARS-CoV-2: a case series. Table1 Baseline characteristics of the study participants (N = 595). The profile of solicited adverse events in this study was consistent with that of a previous study (20). We may earn a commission through links on our site. INTRODUCTION The goal of this study was to evaluate the side effects of application of the Pfizer BioNTech vaccine on the workers at a Mexican hospital. Neutralizing antibody levels were associated with a 33.89% decrease in anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein IgG standardized ELISA titers 180 days after the second vaccination (21), similar to our results, that is, a 32.3% decrease in neutralizing antibody levels in the following 180 days. The levels of neutralizing antibodies and IFN- were higher in medical staff 240 days after vaccination than in workers. The discovery of Type Os protective effect is crucial to building an understanding of how the virus works. In both intervention and control groups, the positive rate of neutralizing IgG antibodies specific to the SARS-CoV-2 RBD slowly increased to 84.1% from 1 to 14 days, peaked at 97.7% from 60 to 90 days, and then slowly decreased and remained at 82.9% from 180 to 240 days after the second vaccination.

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